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• Thermal Energy is kinetic energy in transit from one object to another due to tempature difference. (joules)
• Tempature is the average kinetic energy of particles in an object; not the total amount of kinetic energy particles. (degrees)

• Matter is made up of molecules in motion (kinetic energy)
• An increase in tempature increases motion
• A decrease in tempature decreases motion
• Absolute Zero occurs when all kinetic energy is removed from an object 0K=-273C

• The transfer or movement of thermal energy
  • Most common types of transfer
    1. Convection
       • The transfer of thermal energy by movement of fluid (liquid or gas)
    2. Conduction
       • The transfer of thermal energy within an object or between objects from molecule to molecule
    3. Radiation
       • The process by which energy is transmitted through a medium, including empty space, as electromagnetic waves
  • 100% efficiency is unattainable
  • ALL processes are irreversible

• Law of energy conservation applied to a thermal system
  • Thermal energy can change form and location but cannot be created or destroyed.
  • Thermal energy can be increased within a system by adding thermal energy (heat) or by performing work in a system.

• Thermal energy flows from hot to cold
• Entropy is the measure of how evenly distributed heat is within a system.
  • A system tends to go from order to disorder
  • The total amount of energy in the world does not change, but the availability of that energy constantly decreases.

• Thermal equilibrium is obtained when touching objects within a system reach the same tempature.
• When thermal equilibrium is reached, the system loses its ability to do work.
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: if two systems are separately found to be in thermal equilibrium with a third system, the first two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

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